Chronic Kidney Disease among Ghanaian HIV Individuals on HAART in the Ho Municipality: A Single-Center Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Sylvester Yao Lokpo *
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
WKBA Owiredu
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
James Osei-Yeboah
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
Gameli Kwame Norgbe
School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
Lydia Enyonam Kuatsienu
Department of Physician Assistantship, Princefield University College, Adaklu, Volta Region, Ghana.
Mathias Tawiah Anim
Department of Physician Assistantship, Princefield University College, Adaklu, Volta Region, Ghana.
Seyram Tetteh Quarshie
Health Information Unit, Ho Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
Felix Ayroe
Department of Laboratory, Ho Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
Francis Abeku Ussher
Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana.
Edward Yiadom Boakye
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
Tibemponi Ntoni
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
Prince Senyo Kwasi Nyamadi
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
Roseline Avorkliyah
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains one of the complications of HIV infection among individuals on antiretroviral medication. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD among Ghanaians with HIV on antiretroviral medications at the Ho Municipal Hospital.
Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 170 previously diagnosed HIV-infected patients on HAART treatment at the ART Clinic of the Ho Municipal Hospital. The participants aged between 24 and 78 years were conveniently and purposively recruited into the study from February to May 2017. Using patients’ folders, data on patients’ age, gender, type of medication(s) and duration on HAART medication were obtained. Patients’ blood samples were obtained for the estimation of CD4 count and serum creatinine concentration. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was calculated based on serum creatinine levels using the four-Variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (4v-MDRD) and the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations.
Results: The prevalence of CKD was estimated at 17.06% and 18.82% based on the 4v-MDRD and the CKD-EPI equations respectively. Females recorded a higher prevalence (20.00% and 22.14%) compared to their male counterparts (3.33% and 3.33%) using the 4v-MDRD and the CKD-EPI equations respectively. Low immunological recovery (CD4 cell count <500 cell/mm3) and longer duration on HAART (7-9 years) accounted for higher CKD prevalence.
Conclusion: In these patients receiving HAART treatment at the Ho Municipal Hospital, a high burden of CKD was observed among the female group. HAART regimen containing concurrent Nevirapine and Tenofovir had the highest CKD among the participants.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, HAART toxicity, human immunodeficiency virus, nevirapine