Pharmacological Modulation and Integrative Therapeutic Strategies in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review
Ezerioha, C. E. *
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Chidi-Ezerioha P. A.
Department of Pharmacy, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria.
Efejene, I. O.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Afighor, M.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Ishokare, P. O.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Adhekegba, O. E.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Akpo, M.
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and persistent hyperglycemia. It affects over 500 million adults globally and accounts for a major share of non-communicable disease–related morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The rising prevalence is driven by sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and genetic predisposition.
Aim: This paper aims to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM and review recent therapeutic advances, including both conventional and integrative management approaches.
Methods: A narrative review of recent literature was conducted to summarize data on pharmacological innovations, lifestyle interventions, and complementary therapies with clinically relevant outcomes in glycemic control.
Results: Conventional drugs such as metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin remain the backbone of therapy; however, adverse effects and poor adherence limit their long-term efficacy. Recent therapeutic innovations—such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists—have demonstrated not only improved glycemic control but also cardiovascular and renal benefits in clinical trials. Moreover, herbal adjuvants with anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties (e.g., Momordica charantia, Gymnema sylvestre, Cinnamomum verum) are gaining scientific attention as complementary strategies.
Conclusion: A comprehensive understanding of both conventional and integrative modalities is essential to developing a more patient-centered, sustainable, and effective approach to diabetes care.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, pharmacological therapy, integrative medicine, herbal therapy, glycemic control